Starting and Derived Position

              STARTING AND DERIVED POSITION

Starting position:

Sherrington stated that:

“Posture follows movement like a shadow”.

Means every movement begins in posture end in posture.

The position which adopted, by the patients or individual to perform exercise or movement to gain relaxation and stabilize their body. OR The posture from which movement is initiated i.e. called starting position.

They may be either active or passive in character. Starting position is applicable for day to day activities.

FOR EXAMPLE: Drinking bed tea. The person has to come out of the lying posture and attain sitting posture to drink the tea.

So every activity which we do our daily life activity starts in one posture end in other posture.

TO MAINTAIN STARTING POSITION

  v      To balance of force acting up on the body.

  v      Balance muscular isometric contraction it means there is no              change in length of the muscle but change in muscle tension,           starting position to maintain increase in muscle tone.
  v      Postural reflexes control the strength and distribution of                    muscle contraction.

TYPES OF STARTING POSITION

There are two types of starting position.

1.   Derived position

2.   Fundamental position

1.   DERIVED POSITION

Derived position is derived from starting position. This position is used by modification of arms, legs or trunk in each of fundamental position.

                                    

                                        OBJECTIVES

    1. To increase or decrease the muscle work required to maintain their position by use of derived position.

    2.  To increase or decrease base of support (BOS). If increase base of support it means increase area supported beneath the object. Whenever BOS is more the stability will be more.

EXAMPLE:  In standing the BOS is lesser because of less area supported beneath the object.

In lying the BOS is greater because of greater area supported beneath the object.

    3.   To gain local or general relaxation.

    4.   To increase or decrease of centre of gravity (COG). If COG is more the stability will be more.

EXAMPLE: In standing position COG is more because force of gravity is directly acted on centre of body.

2.   FUNDAMENTAL POSITION  

Fundamental position is derived from starting position.

There are five basic fundamental positions.

    1.   Standing

    2.   Sitting

    3.   Lying

    4.   Kneeling

    5.   Hanging

OBJECTIVES

    1.   Maintain or improve posture.

    2.   Modify the effect of an exercise to improve range of          motion or strength.

    3.   Maintain or improve posture.

    4.  Utilize support essential for relaxation.

1.  STANDING POSITION

The whole body is supported by lower base of support. So this position is most difficult to adopt for longer period. So that a lot of co ordinate muscle activity to maintain posture in standing. The position is not steady partly, because of base of support is small and centre of gravity is high lie at the centre of body (COG). (COG lie between third and fourth sacral vertebra).

POSITION:

         ·         Foot is place together and toes place slightly apart.

         ·         Knee is extended and straight.

         ·         Hip is in neutral position and spine is erect.

         ·         Shoulder is adducted and retracted. Eyes look forward and neck is straight.

 DERIVED POSITION FROM STANDING

Many of derived position can be derived from standing by alternating arm, trunk and lower limb. This position can be performed different types of exercise to gain relaxation and stability.

                   BY ALTERNATING LOWER LIMB

Many of derived position can be derived from standing that are:

    a.   High standing

    b.   Walk standing

    c.    Stride position

    d.   Step position

a. HIGH STANDING

          ·        

High standing is occurring on the stool or any raised platform.

Movement as mentioned in standing. To perform upper and lower limb exercise it is difficult posture to adopt longer period of time.

          ·         T perform hanging, swinging the arm and the leg exercise.

EXAMPLE:

         ·         To take some object from the high.

         ·         Fitting the fan in the ceiling.

b.WALK STANDING

One leg is standing forward and other is at their neutral position. One leg is forward means base is increase so stability will be more in this position.

MOVEMENT:

          ·         Hip flexion, knee extension and knee plantar flexion occur in this position.

          ·         Starting position for jogging.

          ·         To perform hip, knee, ankle and trunk muscles self stretching.

EXAMPLE:

         ·         Balancing on rope or rod.

         ·         Walk on the road.

c.   STRIDE STANDING

Both foot kept apart in sideways. In this position centre of gravity is high at centre of body that is why it stable position for longer period of time. It gives lateral stability.

MOVEMENT:

         ·         In this position Hip abduction and knee extension occur.

         ·         To perform the trunk, hip knee exercises.

         ·         Help to stretch the hip adductor.

EXAMPLE:

         ·         Sailors standing position.

         ·         Standing posture while travelling in bus. Stride the foot to stabilize unquotable posture.

                               d. STEP STANDING

         ·         One foot is kept on the stool or in height. Hip and knee is flexed.

         ·         This is one of most stable position.

MOVEMENT:

   ·    In this position hip flexion and knee flexion.

 ·    This position is useful for stretching the knee, ankle, hip and  trunk muscles.

      
EXAMPLE:

    ·  Position adopted to tie the shoelace.

    · Position adapted to cutting the toenails.

2.  SITTING POSITION

The position adopted while sitting on stool or the chair. Sitting is fundamental position. The thighs and the legs are relaxed and foot is resting on the floor. From the trunk to head the position is same as standing posture. The base of support is more and centre of gravity lies down. Centre of gravity lies at downward the position gets more stability than standing and the muscle work required is also less.

DERIVED POSITION OF SITTING

         ·         Cross sitting

         ·         Side sitting

         ·         Crook sitting

         ·         Long sitting

         ·         Stride sitting

         ·         Foot sitting

3.  LYING POSITION

Lying on the floor or on the bed in supine position with arm by side of the body and legs are kept straight. It is most stable position than other fundamental position due to lower placement of the centre of gravity (COG). This posture can be adopted for longer period than other starting position. In this posture the muscle work is minimal. But some muscles are not relaxed that is:

            ·         Neck side flexors counter balanced to keep the head in neutral position.

              ·         Flexors of lumbar spine counteract with the spinal extensor to maintain the lumbar lordosis.

               ·         Medial rotators of the hip keep the hip in neutral position.

DERIVED POSITION OF LYING

         ·         Prone lying

         ·         Half lying

         ·         Crook lying

         ·         Side lying

4. KNEELING POSITION

Kneeling position is fundamental position of standing but weight is transmitted through the knee joint due to right angle alignment of knee to the body. The leg is resting on the floor and ankle is plantar flexed. The position is very difficult position to maintain for longer period because centre of gravity fall down and larger base of support. It is inconvenient to adopt due to the weight transmitted through the knee joint.

  ·    The leg is relaxed except plantar flexors of the ankle, which keep the ankle in plantar flexion state.

DERIVED POSITION OF KNEELING

                ·         Half kneeling

                ·         Kneel sitting

                ·         Prone kneeling

                ·         Inclined prone kneeling

5.  HANGING POSITION

Hanging position is fundamental position of standing. Total body is suspended by grasping a horizontal bar with the hand.

MOVEMENT:

   ·           Shoulder flexed, adducted and medially rotated.

   ·           Elbow is extended, fingers is flexed and grasping the rod.

    ·          Adductor and medial rotators of the shoulder work strongly.

 ·  Flexors of elbow carry more weight and also strain. Finger flexors work strongly and grasping the bar.

    ·       Plantar flexors keep the ankle in plantar flexed position.