by Zainab

GONIOMETER
The term of goniometr is derived from two Greek words,gonio meaning angle and metron, meaning measure.A  goniometer is an instrument used to measure angle.With in the field of phisical therapy,goniometry is used to measure the total amount of avalible motion at a specific joint.
Goniometry can be used to measure both active and passive range of motion.goniometer are produce in a variety of size and shap and are usually constructed of either plastic or metal.
Goniometer a protractor like device  commonly with a 180 degree range used to measure a joint’s position and accurately described abnormal fixed joint position.
TYPE OF GONIOMETER
Universal goniometer
Gravity depend goniometer or  fliud goniometer
Pendulum goniometer
Electrogoniometer
UNIVERSAL GONIOMETER
It is designed by Mr. Moorethis very commonest variety.it is having stationary arm,movable and body.


GRAVITY DEPEND GNIOMETER OR FLIUD GONIOMETER
 It is also called as pelvic  inclinometer .it is designed by sehenkar in 1956.      
.It is heaving  gravity effecting  pointer and  the fluid filled chamber with the air bubbles .it is mostly used for the measuring  the pelvic  tilt or drop.
 PENDULAR GONIOMETER
It is designed by Fax and Van breemen in 1934.it consist of 350 degree protractor with the wighed pointe


    ELECTROGONIOMETER                                                                                                                                                                          It is designed by karpovich in 1959.it has two arms.1 is attached with the proximal segment and another is attached with the distal segment of the measuring joint.[it is mostly used for the research purpose.
IMPORTANT OF COMPONENTS OF GONIOMETER
Ostiokinematics and Arthrokinematics of joint.
Axis and Plane of movement.
Types of ROM.
ROM of individual joint
End feel
Capsular and nun Capsular
ARTHROKINEMETICS
Movment of joint surface
OSTEOKINAMETICS
Movement of shafts of the bone
PLANE,AXIS AND MOVEMENT





Plane Axis Movement  
Sagittal
[divid body into Rt/Lt section] Coronal
[medial and leteral axis] Flexon/Extension  
Coronal/Frontal
[divid body into Anterior and posterior section] Sagittal
[anterior/posterior axis] Adduction/Abduction  
Transverse/Horizantal
[Body divid into Superior and Inferior section] Vertical
[superior and inferior axis] Medial and leteral rotation



END FEEL
The sensation transmittted to the therapist’s hands at the extreme end of the passive ROM indicates the structure that limit the joint movement.

 METHOD TO ASSES END FEEL
1-Patiant relaxed
2-Therapist stablizes the priximal joint sigment
3-apply slight traction to and move the distal joint segment to the end of ROM for the test movement
4-slight ovar pressure is applied at the end of the ROM and the end feel is noted.
CAPSULAR PATTERNS
Cyrux has proposed that pathological condition involving the intire capsule cause a particular pattern of limitation invilving or most of the passive motion of the joint.this pattern of limitation is called a capsular pattern.
NON CAPSULAR PATTERN
A limitation passive motion that is not proportioned similarly to a capsular pattern is called non capsular pattern of limitation.
3 PART OF GONIOMETER
1.Axis
2.stationary arm
3.moveable arm
1.AXIS
Axis of the goniometer may be placed  ovar the aproximate location of the axis of motion of the joint being measure.
2- STATIONARY ARM
Is often parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal segment of the joint.they stable arm does not any have motion.
MOVEABLE ARM
moving arm is align parallel to the longitudinal axis of the distal segment of the joint.
 
PROCEDURE
1.Patiant,s clothes are removed where the joint measurment to be taken.
2.position the patiant [comfort , accuracy andposition the patiant in the relaxed manner and the joint to be measured should be free from any obstruction like pillow,couch,etc
3.measuring joint has to be in zero or starting position.
4.total  procedure should be explained to the pataint.
5.the pataint is positioned in the recommended.
6. therapist has to stand near to the pataint and facing the joint,which has to be measureed.
7.align goniometer[axis or the fulcrum of the goniometer  is placed ovar the axis of the joint .stable arm is fixed with the proximal segment of the joint.movable arm is fixed with the distal segment of joint.
8. therapist instruct to pataint properly.
9.record start position.
10.therapist has to move the distal segment of the joint with the movable arm of the goniometer to measure the joint range [permit a complate range of motion]
11.record  end position.

Auther;Zainab